Authors:
- Ineta Lipša, Medicīnas vēstures institūts (Institute of the History of Medicine), Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte (Rīga Stradiņš University) - Academia.edu, Google Scholar, ORCID, ResearchGate

- Līga Lapa: -

Abstract: »This chapter illustrates how during the 1905 Revolution in the Baltic Provinces of the Russian Empire the government committed acts of violence against women and how women responded to such acts by studying a survey known as “A Survey List for Freedom Fighters of ‘the Fifth Year’ Era,” which was disseminated by the organization The Fifth Year (1926–1940) with the goal of gathering information about the fight against autocracy. It makes the case that while some types of violence, like beatings, were routinely employed to police and control women, about others, like evidence of sexual abuse in the sources is less common. The study focuses on three forms of violence that are employed by the police and punitive expeditions: beatings, corporal punishment, and sexual abuse (rape and attempted rape). When women were flogged, troops would pull up their skirts, sometimes revealing the women’s intimate areas. Flogging was therefore employed as a form of sexual humiliation as well as physical cruelty. According to the chapter, women were subjected to sexual assault and beatings by the government military in order to subordinate them to the autocracy and to the Russian state. The brutality was justified by the ethnic hierarchy that Russian troops and ruling patriarchy had adopted.« (Source: Springer Nature Link)

Contents: -

Wikipedia: History of Europe: History of Russia / Baltic Governorates, Russian Empire | Sex and the law: Sexual violence